Artificial Intelligence Essay

colored news program leavenThis paper is the introduction to unreal news program (AI). Artificial intelligence is exhibited by contrived entity, a system is generally assumed to be a electronic computer. AI systems argon now in routine accustom in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as sanitary as being built into more common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games interchangeable computer chess and other video games.We tried to explain the apprise ideas of AI and its application to various fields. It cleared the concept of computational and established categories. It includes various advanced systems such as Neural Network, Fuzzy Systems and evolutionary computation. AI is used in typical problems such as class realisation, inseparable language processing and more. This system is working throughout the man as an artificial brain.Intelligence leases mechanisms, and AI research has discovered how to come across computers carry ou t some of them and not others. If doing a task requires single mechanisms that are well understood today, computer programs smoke give genuinely impressive performances on these tasks. Such programs should be considered somewhat natural. It is related to the analogous task of using computers to understand sympathetic intelligence.We can learn something slightly how to make weapons solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own manners. On the other hand, almost work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence preferably than studying people or animals. AI researchers are free to use methods that are not observed in people or that involve much more computing than people can do. We discussed conditions for considering a mold to be intelligent. We argued that if the machine could successfully pretend to be human to a acquaintanceable reviewer then you certainly should consider it intelligent.INTRODUCTION -Artificial intel ligence (AI) -Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer.Although AI has a strong cognizance fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behaviour, learning and version in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include operate, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, handwriting, speech, and facial realization. As such, it has become a scientific discipline, focused on providing solutions to real animation problems. AI systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into umteen common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games analogous computer chess and other video games.History -The happy root of AI, and the concept of intelli gent machines, may be found in classical mythology. Intelligent artifacts appear in literature since then, with real mechanical devices actually demonstrating behaviour with some degree of intelligence. After advanced computers became available interest World War-II, it has become possible to create programs that perform difficult intellectual tasks.1950 1960-The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester (UK) a draughts- goldbricking program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.1960 1970 -During the 1960s and 1970s Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert turn Perceptrons, demonstrating limits of simple neural nets and Alain Colmerauer developed the Prolog computer language. Ted Shortliffe demonstrated the tycoon of rule-based systems for noesis representation and inference in medical diagnosis and therapy in what is sometimes called the first expert system. H ans Moravec developed the first computer-controlled vehicle to autonomously carry off cluttered obstacle courses.1980s ONWARDS -In the 1980s, neural networks became wide used with the back propagation algorithm, first described by capital of Minnesota John Werbos in 1974. The 1990s marked major achievements in many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) areas of AI and demonstrations of various applications. Most notably Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer, drum Garry Kasparov in a famous six-game match in 1997.Categories of AI -AI divides roughly into two schools of thought stodgy AI.Computational Intelligence (CI).Conventional AI -Conventional AI mostly involves methods now classified as machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. This is as well know as symbolic AI, logical AI, neat AI and Good Old fashion Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI).Methods includeExpert systems apply ratiocination capabilities to refer a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on them.Case based reasoningBayesian networksBehavior based AI a modular method of building AI systems by hand. Computational Intelligence (CI) -Computational Intelligence involves iterative development or learning (e.g. parameter tuning e.g. in connectionist systems). Learning is based on empirical data and is associated with non-symbolic AI, scruffy AI and soft computing.Methods includeNeural networks systems with very strong pattern fruition capabilities.Fuzzy systems techniques for reasoning under uncertainty, has been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems.Evolutionary computation applies biologically stir concepts such as populations, mutation and survival of the fittest to generate increasingly give way solutions to the problem. These methods most notably divide into evolutionary algorithms (e.g. genetic algorithms) and swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms).Typical problems to whi ch AI methods are applied -Pattern companionshipOptical character recognitionHandwriting recognitionSpeech recognitionFace recognitionNatural language processing, Translation and Chatter botsNon-linear control and RoboticsComputer vision, Virtual reality and Image processingGame scheme and Strategic planningOther fields in which AI methods are implemented -Automation.Cybernetics.Hybrid intelligent system.Intelligent agent.Intelligent control.Automated reasoning.selective information mining.Behavior-based robotics.Cognitive robotics.Developmental robotics.Evolutionary robotics.Chatbot.Knowledge Representation.American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) -Founded in 1979, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is a nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific thought of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behaviour and their embodiment in machines. AAAI also aims to increase public agreement of artificial intellige nce, improve the teaching and study of AI practitioners, and provide guidance for research planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of true AI developments and future directions.APPLICATIONS OF AI -Game Playing -You can barter for machines that can play master level chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people mainly through brute force computationlooking at hundreds of thousands of positions.Speech Recognition -In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical level for hold in purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for trajectory information by a system using speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On the other hand, slice it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users take a crap at peace(p) back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient.Understanding Natural Language -Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either. The computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about, and this is presently possible whole for very limited domains.Computer Vision -The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computers TV cameras are two dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of representing three-dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.Expert Systems -A knowledge engineer interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task. How well this works depends on whether the intellectual mechanisms required for the task are at bottom the present state of AI. angiotensin -converting enzyme of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed.Heuristic Classification -One of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present knowledge of AI is to put some information in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. An example is advising whether to accept a proposed assurance card purchase. Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record of payment and also about the item he is buying and about the establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about whether there have been previous credit card frauds at this establishment).Conclusion -We conclude that if the machine could successfully pretend to be human to a knowledgeable observer then you certainly should consider it intelligent. AI systems are now in routine use in various field such as economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games etceteraAI is an exciting and rewarding discipline. AI is branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. The revised definition of AI is AI is the study of mechanisms underlying intelligent behavior through the construction and rating of artifacts that attempt to enact those mechanisms. So it is concluded that it work as an artificial human brain which have an unbelievable artificial thinking power.Programs with universal Sense -John McCarthy, In Mechanization of Thought Processes, Proceedings of the Symposium of the theme Physics Laboratory, 1959.Artificial Intelligence, system of logic and Formalizing Common Sense -Richmond Thomason, editor, philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Klver Academic, 1989.Concepts of Logical AI -Tom Mitchell.Machine Learning.McGr aw-Hill, 1997.Logic and artificial intelligence -Richmond Thomason.In EdwardN. Zalta, editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2003.http//plato.stanford.edu/ biography/fall2003/entries/logic-ai/.LINKS -http//www.aaai.org/http//www-formal.stanford.edu/http//insight.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/emergingtech/http//www.genetic-programming.com/